Germplasm Development and Maintenance Methods

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Contents 1 Annex 2.2.a 2 Annex 2.2.b 2.1 Methods for storing historical pedigrees with incomplete information 2.2 Generic Generative Methods 2.3 Generic Maintenance Methods 2.4 Generative Methods for Inbreeding Crops 2.5 Derivative Methods for Inbreeding Crops 2.6 Management Methods for Inbreeding Crops 2.7 Generative Methods for Outbreeding Species 2.8 Derivative Methods for Out breeding Species 2.9 Maintenance Methods for Cross Fertilised Species 2.10 Maintenance Methods for Clonally Reproduced Species

Annex 2.2.a

Cultivars, Populations, Breeding strategies, Generative, Derivative and Maintenance Methods for Self-fertilised, Cross-fertilised and Vegetatively Reproduced crop species.

Breeding System	Cultivars and Populations	Breeding Strategies	Generative Methods	Derivative methods	Maintenance methods
Out Breeding Cross breeding Cross fertilising	Cultivars Open Pollinated Variety Synthetic CV Hybrid CV Obsolete CV Populations Landrace population Landrace cultivar Collection population Collection wild spp population Collection weedy spp population Genetic Stock Mechanical Mixture	Half Mass Selection Full Mass Selection Recurrent Half-sib Selection Recurrent Full-sib Selection Recurrent Selection among Selfed Families Reciprocal Half-sib Recurrent Selection Reciprocal Full-sib Recurrent Selection Reciprocal Recurrent Selection among Selfed Families Population Back Cross Plus all the methods describe below for selection to produce fixed lines. Pedigree Modified Bulk Selection Bulk Selection Single Seed Descent Double Haploid Back Cross Re-selection	Single cross cf Three-way cross cf Double cross cf Full diallel cross Full diallel cross bulked Half diallel cross Half diallel cross bulked Partial diallel cross Partial diallel cross bulked Subset cross Population Backcross cf Population Backcross recessive cf Interspecific cross cf Selected pollen cross cf Random pollen cross cf Narrow based tester, line cf Narrow based tester, pop cf Broad based tester, line cf Broad based tester, pop cf Polycross cf Random Mating cf Open pollination cf Population cross cf Convergent cross cf Partial plus diallel cross cf Random Half Sib Fam Selected Half Sib Fam Natural mutation cf Induced mutation population cf Somoclone cf Allo-polyploid cf Auto-polyploid cf Haploid cf Transgenic nucleus cf Transgenic cytoplasm cf	Induced mutation pop Double haploid pop Rouging cf Single plant selection cf Single seed descent cf Restorer selection Random bulk cf Full mass selection Half mass selection Landrace population cf Landrace cultivar cf Collection population cf Collection wild spp population cf Collection weedy spp population cf	Seed increase open pollination Seed increase full diallel bulked Seed increase half diallel bulked Seed increase partial diallel bulked Seed increase sunset cross Hybrid formation cf Synthetic formation cf Breeders seed cf Foundation seed cf Certified seed Cultivar release Import Seed
In Breeding Self breeding Self fertilising	Cultivars Pure Lime CV Multi Line CV Hybrid CV Obsolete CV Populations Landrace population Landrace line Landrace cultivar Collection population Collection line Collection wild spp pop Collection wild spp line Collection weedy spp pop Collection wild spp line Genetic stock Mechanical Mixture	Pedigree Modified Bulk Selection Bulk Selection Single Seed Descent Double Haploid Back Cross Re-selection or purification	Single cross Three way cross Double cross Female complex top cross Male complex top cross Complex cross Backcross Backcross recessive Interspecific cross Selected pollen cross sf Random pollen cross sf Open pollenated sf Natural variant sf Induced mutation population sf Somoclone sf Allo-polyploid sf Auto-polyploid sf Haploid sf Transgenic nucleus sf Transgenic cytoplasm sf	Induced mutation line Double haploid line Purification Rouging sf Single plant selection sf Selected bulk sf Random bulk sf Single seed descent sf Restorer selection Maintainer Selection Landrace population sf Landrace line sf Landrace cultivar sf Collection population sf Collection line sf Collection wild spp population sf Collection wild spp line sf Collection weedy spp population sf Collection wild spp line sf	Seed increase plant sf Seed increase mixture sf Seed increase bulk sf Store seed normal Store seed medium term Store seed long term Pure line formation Hybrid formation sf Multi-line formation sf Breeders seed sf Foundation seed sf Certified seed Cultivar release Import seed
Vegetative Reproduction Clonal Reproduction	Cultivars Clone CV Obsolete Clonal CV Populations As above depending on whether the species is ’in’ or ’out’ breeding.	As above	As above	As Above	Clone increase traditional Clone increase tissue culture Clone increase regeneration Clone maintained field Clone maintained tissue culture Clone formation Certified clone Clone release Import clone traditional cv Import clone tissue culture cv Import clone traditional Import clone tissue culture

Annex 2.2.b

Generative, derivative and maintenance methods for GMS.

Methods for storing historical pedigrees with incomplete information

METHN	MTYPE	MGRP	MCODE	MNAME	MDESC	MREF	MPRGN	MFPRG	MATTR	GENEQ	MUID	LMID	MDATE
1	GEN	S	UGM	UNKNOWN GENERATIVE METHOD SF	Unknown generative method for storing historic pedigrees for self fertilizing species.		0	0	0	0	1	2	19980610
2	GEN	O	PGM	UNKNOWN GENERATIVE METHOD CF	Unknown generative method for storing historic pedigrees for cross fertilising species.		0	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
3	GEN	C	CGM	UNKNOWN GENERATIVE METHOD CP	Unknown generative method for storing historic pedigrees for clonally propagated species.		0	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
4	GEN	S	BDU	F1 BACKCROSS, CYTOPLASM UNKNOWN SF	Cross of F1 to recurrent parent when the direction of the cross is unknown for storing historic pedigrees for self fertilizing species.		2	0	0	0	1	5	19980610
5	GEN	O	PDU	F1 BACKCROSS, CYTOPLASM UNKNOWN CF	Cross of F1 to recurrent parent when the direction of the cross is unknown for storing historic pedigrees for cross fertilising species.		2	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
6	GEN	S	BRU	F2 BACKCROSS, CYTOPLASM UNKNOWN SF	Cross of F2 to recurrent parent when the direction of the cross is unknown for storing historic pedigrees for self fertilizing species.		2	0	0	0	1	28	19980610
7	GEN	O	PRU	F2 BACKCROSS, CYTOPLASM UNKNOWN CF	Cross of F2 to recurrent parent when the direction of the cross is unknown for storing historic pedigrees for cross fertilising species.		2	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
8	GEN	G	CCU	CROSS, CYTOPLASM UNKNOWN	Cross between two plants, unknown which is female		2	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
9	GEN	G	PCU	POPULATION CROSS, CYTOPLASM UNKNOWN	Cross between two populations, unknown which is female		2	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
31	DER	S	UDM	UNKNOWN DERIVATIVE METHOD SF	Unknown derivative method in self fertilising species: for storing historic pedigrees		-1	0	0	0	1	1	19980610
32	DER	O	PDM	UNKNOWN DERIVATIVE METHOD CF	Unknown derivative method in cross fertilised species: for storing historic pedigrees		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
33	DER	C	CDM	UNKNOWN DERIVATIVE METHOD CP	Unknown derivative method in clonally propagated species: for storing historic pedigrees		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610

Generic Generative Methods

METHN

MTYPE

MGRP

MCODE

MNAME

MDESC

MREF

MPRGN

MFPRG

MATTR

GENEQ

MUID

LMID

MDATE

40

GEN

G

SLF

SELFING

Selfing a single plant or population.

Generic Maintenance Methods

METHN	MTYPE	MGRP	MCODE	MNAME	MDESC	MREF	MPRGN	MFPRG	MATTR	GENEQ	MUID	LMID	MDATE
60	MAN	G	IDN	PLANT IDENTIFICATION	Identifying and naming a plant or population.
61	MAN	G	NSI	SEED INCREASE	Increase seed of a cultivar, line, population or accession.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
62	MAN	G	ISE	IMPORT	Import seed, clones or tissue culture of a cultivar, line, population or accession.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
63	MAN	G	ESE	EXPORT	Export seed, clones or tissue culture of a cultivar, line, population or accession. This method is not required.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
64	MAN	G	SSN	STORE SEED NORMAL	Store seed of a cultivar, line, population or accession in normal method: drift not expected. It is unlikely that this method is needed.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
65	MAN	G	SSM	STORE SEED MEDIUM TERM	Store seed of a cultivar, line, population or accession in medium term storage. Some genetic drift is expected. Storage is between 0-4OC and low RH.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
66	MAN	G	SSL	STORE SEED LONG TERM	Store seed of a cultivar, line, population or accession. Genetic drift is expected. Storage is about -18OC.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610

Generative Methods for Inbreeding Crops

METHN	MTYPE	MGRP	MCODE	MNAME	MDESC	MREF	MPRGN	MFPRG	MATTR	GENEQ	MUID	LMID	MDATE
101	GEN	S	C2W	SINGLE CROSS	Cross between two single plants. If both parents are fixed (pure) inbred lines there will be no segregation for gametes or genotypes and theoretically all crosses will result in the same genetic outcome. In plant breeding practice the theoretical situation is rarely encountered. In spite of this the usual practice is to bulk the seed. However, iIn genetical studies it is often necessary to keep individual seed separate. When this is done a separate entry in the germplasm table is required for each entity (seed) kept separate.		2	1	0	0	1	3	19980610
102	GEN	S	C3W	THREE-WAY CROSS	Cross between two plants, one an inbred line and one a single cross (usually an F1) and thus segregating for gametes. In the theoretical case, rarely achieved, the inbred line would be fixed and the F1 a cross between fixed lines. The segregation for gametes results in different genetic outcomes among different progeny, hence a number of crosses using the same F1 is usually made. Since different F1 s are genetically the same (theoretically) only one F1 is required. In plant breeding programs the different crosses are usually bulked. Again, if individual seeds are kept separate a different entry is required in the germplasm table.		2	1	0	0	1	4	19980610
103	GEN	S	CDB	DOUBLE CROSS	Cross between two single crosses (usually two F1s) and hence both segregating for gametes. The comments for method 102 apply but now for both female and male sides of the cross. Again, if individual seeds are kept separate a different entry is required in the germplasm table.		2	1	0	0	1	8	19980610
104	GEN	S	CFT	FEMALE COMPLEX TOP CROSS	Cross between a female inbred line and a three-way or more complex cross among inbred lines, thus the male is segregating for genotypes as well as gametes. A consequence of the genotypic segregation is that selection can, and is usually made among the plants used as male parents. A consequence is that there will be genetic variation both within and between each cross. Usually all seed is bulked and selection practised among the progeny. A different entry is required in the germplasm table for each entity kept separate.		2	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
105	GEN	S	CMT	MALE COMPLEX TOP CROSS	Cross between a male inbred line and a three-way or more complex cross among inbred lines, thus the female is segregating for genotypes as well as gametes. The same genetic consequences occur as for the previous complex cross except for the cytoplasm. This method is rarely if ever encountered in practice because of the difficulty of using many females. A different entry is required in the germplasm table for each entity kept separate.		2	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
106	GEN	S	CCX	COMPLEX CROSS	Cross between two three-way or more complex crosses among pure lines, thus both sides are segregating for both gametes and genotypes. A different entry is required in the germplasm table for each entity kept separate.		2	1	0	0	1	9	19980610
107	GEN	S	BC	BACKCROSS	Backcross to recover a specific gene. The coding in the genealogical table records which parent was used as the female in each cycle. A different entry is required in the germplasm table for each entity kept separate.		2	1	0	0	1	6	19980610
108	GEN	S	BCR	BACKCROSS RECESSIVE	Backcross to recover a recessive gene. As this requires a self fertilisation (derivative method) in the process some ICIS administrators may distinguish this as a separate method. A different entry is required in the germplasm table for each entity kept separate.		2	1	0	0	1	29	19980610
109	GEN	S	CIS	INTERSPECIFIC CROSS	Cross between two species. The problem with making this a separate method is that the species cross could be made by any of the previous (101-108) or following (110-113) methods.		2	1	209	0	1	20	19980610
110	GEN	S	CSP	SELECTED POLLEN CROSS SF	A bulk of pollen from a selected set of males used to pollinate a female inbred line.		n	1	0	0	1	22	19980610
111	GEN	S	CRP	RANDOM POLLEN CROSS SF	A random bulk of pollen from some population used to pollinate a female pure line. Male is then a population and will be recorded as a single entity.		2	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
112	GEN	S	CGO	OPEN POLLENATED SF	Open pollenation in a self fertilised species		n	0	212 222	0	1	0	19980610
151	GEN	S	MUN	NATURAL VARIANT SF	A recognised naturally occurring variant in a self fertilising population.		1	1	0	0	1	10	19980610
152	GEN	S	MIP	INDUCED MUTATION POPULATION SF	A population derived from inducing mutation in a inbred line.		1	1	210	0	1	0	19980610
153	GEN	S	SCL	SOMOCLONE SF	Variation induced through tissue culture of a inbred line.		1	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
154	GEN	S	ALP	ALLO-POLYPLOID SF	Polyploid formed by doubling the chromosomes of a cross between two or more species. Wheat is an allopolyploid as it contains genomes from three different species.		1	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
155	GEN	S	AUP	AUTO-POLYPLOID SF	Polyploid formed by doubling the chromosome number of a species. Lucerne (alfalfa) is an autopolyploid with 4 sets of the same genome.		1	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
156	GEN	S	HAP	HAPLOID SF	Individual with chromosome content of reduced gamete. Often formed by female progenitors crossed with a haploid inducer.		1	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
157	GEN	S	TRN	TRANSGENIC NUCLEUS SF	Individual derived from genetic transformation of the nucleus in a self fertilising species.		1	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
158	GEN	S	TRC	TRANSGENIC CYTOPLASM SF	Individual derived from genetic transformation of a cytoplasm inclusion (eg chloroplast) in a self fertilising species.		1	1	0	0	1	0	19980610

Derivative Methods for Inbreeding Crops

METHN	MTYPE	MGRP	MCODE	MNAME	MDESC	MREF	MPRGN	MFPRG	MATTR	GENEQ	MUID	LMID	MDATE
201	DER	S	MIL	INDUCED MUTATION LINE	A recognised mutation selected from an induced mutation in a line of a self fertilised species.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
202	DER	S	DDH	DOUBLE HAPLOID LINE	Individual produced by doubling haploid individual usually by anther culture in a self fertilised crop.		-1	0	0	0	1	14	19980610
203	DER	S	DPR	PURIFICATION	Selection of one or a few plants from an inbred line or pure line cultivar.		-1	0	0	0	1	18	19980610
204	DER	S	DRU	ROUGING SF	Eliminating off types from a inbred line or pure line cultivar.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
205	DER	S	DSP	SINGLE PLANT SELECTION SF	Derivation through selection of a single plant, inflorescence, fruit or seed from a self fertilising population.		-1	0	221	0	1	11	19980610
206	DER	S	DSB	SELECTED BULK SF	Derivation through bulking seed from a selected set of single plants from a self fertilising population.		-1	0	208	0	1	12	19980610
207	DER	S	DRB	RANDOM BULK SF	Derivation through bulking seed from a random selection of single plants from a self fertilising population.		-1	0	0	0	1	21	19980610
208	DER	S	DSD	SINGLE SEED DESCENT SF	Derived through the production of a single individual without selection from each individual in a segregating population.		-1	0	0	0	1	13	19980610
209	DER	S	DRS	CMS RESTORER SELECTION	Restorer Lines selected at the end of a program to back cross a gene which restores male fertility to lines carrying a Male Sterile Cytoplasm (CMS) to the male of a commercial hybrid.		-1	0	0	0	1	31	19980610
210	DER	S	DMS	CMS MAINTAIN ER SELECTION	Maintainer line selected at the end of a program to create the male fertile equivalent of the CMS female parent of a hybrid		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19991201
251	DER	S	ALP	LANDRACE POPULATION SF	Acquisition only. A Landrace Accession of a self fertilised species. This population will consist of a heterogenous mixture of homogenous genotypes. This and the following eight methods should be reserved for the acquisition of these types of population to any program when they are first collected. When they are transferred from one collection (germplasm bank, working collection or plant improvement program) to another they should be entered under the IMPORT method.		-1	0	0	0	1	15	19980610
252	DER	S	ALL	LANDRACE LINE SF	Acquisition only. When the accession derives from a single plant in the Landrace Population.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
253	DER	S	ALC	LANDRACE CULTIVAR SF	Acquisition only. A Landrace Cultivar Accession of a self fertilised species. Accession of a long term cultivar, not bred or maintained by modern breeding methods. This would usually be less heterogenous than a traditional landrace.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
254	DER	S	ACP	COLLECTION POPULATION SF	Acquisition only. An accession of a population of a cultivated self fertilising species not from farmers fields.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
255	DER	S	ACL	COLLECTION LINE SF	Acquisition only. When the an accession derives from a single plant in a Collection Population.		-1	0	0	0	1	17	19980610
256	DER	S	AWP	COLLECTION WILD SPP POPULATION SF	Acquisition only. An accession of a self fertilising species.		-1	0	0	0	1	16	19980610
257	DER	S	AWL	COLLECTION WILD SPP LINE SF	Acquisition only. When the accession derives from a single plant from a wild collection.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
258	DER	S	ADP	COLLECTION WEEDY SPP POPULATION SF	Acquisition only. An accession of a self fertilising species which is a weed (because of the result of a hybrid between the cultivated and a wild species of the crop).		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
259	DER	S	ADL	COLLECTION WEEDY SPP LINE SF	Acquisition only. When the accession derives from a single plant in a collection of weedy species.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610

Management Methods for Inbreeding Crops

METHN	MTYPE	MGRP	MCODE	MNAME	MDESC	MREF	MPRGN	MFPRG	MATTR	GENEQ	MUID	LMID	MDATE
301	MAN	S	NSP	SEED INCREASE PLANT SF	Seed increase from a single plant in a self fertilised species.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
302	MAN	S	NMX	SEED INCREASE MIXTURE SF	Seed increase from a number of selected plants in a self fertilised species.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
303	MAN	S	NBK	SEED INCREASE BULK SF	Seed increase from an unselected bulk in a self fertilising species.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
320	MAN	S	VPL	PURE LINE FORMATION	Forming a pure line CV in a self fertilising species.
321	MAN	S	VHY	HYBRID FORMATION SF	Forming a hybrid CV in a self fertilising crop.		-1	0	0	0	1	25	19980610
322	MAN	S	VML	MULTI-LINE FORMATION SF	Forming a multi-line CV in a self fertilising crop		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
323	MAN	S	VBS	BREEDERS SEED SF	Producing Breeder’s Seed. Pure seed produced by breeder (usually some kept by breeder) in a self fertilising crop.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
324	MAN	S	VFS	FOUNDATION SEED SF	Producing Foundation Seed. Pure seed derived from Breeders seed (usually kept by seed producing organisation) in a self fertilising crop.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
325	MAN	S	VCS	CERTIFIED SEED	Producing Certified Seed. Pure seed produced under supervision by Government Protocols.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
326	MAN	S	VCR	CULTIVAR RELEASE	Release a cultivar		-1	0	104	0	1	0	19980610

Generative Methods for Outbreeding Species

METHN	MTYPE	MGRP	MCODE	MNAME	MDESC	MREF	MPRGN	MFPRG	MATTR	GENEQ	MUID	LMID	MDATE
401	GEN	O	P2W	SINGLE CROSS CF	Cross between two single heterozygous plant(s) or clone(s) derived from an open pollenated population.		2	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
402	GEN	O	P3W	THREE-WAY CROSS CF	Cross between a plant or clone and a single cross of heterozygous plant(s) or clone(s) derived from an open pollenated population.		2	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
403	GEN	O	PDB	DOUBLE CROSS CF	Cross between two single crosses among heterozygous plant(s) or clone(s) derived from an open pollenated population.		2	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
404	GEN	O	PFD	FULL DIALLEL CROSS	Each parent mated to all others, including all reciprocals but not selfs, usually not in isolation and all full sib and reciprocal families kept separate.		2	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
405	GEN	O	PFB	FULL DIALLEL CROSS BULKED	Each parent mated to all others, including all reciprocals but not selfs, usually not in isolation and all seed bulked.		2	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
406	GEN	O	PHD	HALF DIALLEL CROSS	Each parent mated to all others, no selfs and reciprocals not recorded, usually not in isolation and full sib families kept separate.		2	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
407	GEN	O	PHB	HALF DIALLEL CROSS BULKED	Each parent mated to all others, no selfs and reciprocals not recorded, usually not in isolation and all seed bulked.		2	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
408	GEN	O	PPD	PARTIAL DIALLEL CROSS	Each parent mated to some but not all other parents in a pattern, no selfs, usually not in isolation and full sib families kept separate.		2	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
409	GEN	O	PPB	PARTIAL DIALLEL CROSS BULKED	Each parent mated to some but not all other parents in a pattern, no selfs, usually not in isolation and all seed bulked.		2	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
410	GEN	O	PSC	SUBSET CROSS	Parents dived into sets and bulked pollen from each set used to pollenate other sets, usually not in isolation. Self fertilisation avoided, all seed bulked.		n	m	0	0	1	0	19980610
411	GEN	O	PBC	BACKCROSS CF	Backcross to introgress a gene into a population.		2	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
412	GEN	O	PBR	BACKCROSS RECESSIVE CF	Backcross to introgress a recessive gene into a population.		2	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
413	GEN	O	PIS	INTERSPECIFIC CROSS CF	Cross between two species.		2	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
414	GEN	O	PSP	SELECTED POLLEN CROSS CF	A bulk of stored pollen from a selected set of males used to pollinate a female population or plant or clone.		n	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
415	GEN	O	PRP	RANDOM POLLEN CROSS CF	A random bulk of stored pollen from some population used to pollinate a female population or plant or clone.		2	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
416	GEN	O	TNL	NARROW BASED TESTER, LINE CF	Test (Top) cross between a known plant or clone and a narrow based (1 or few plant(s) or clone(s)) population. For practical reasons the tester population or line is used as the male which can be stored pollen. If the tester line or population is female this should be flagged as an attribute of the method.		n	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
417	GEN	O	TNP	NARROW BASED TESTER, POP CF	Test (Top) cross between a known population and a narrow based tester population. For practical reasons the tester population or line is used as the male which can be stored pollen. If the tester line or population is female this should be flagged as an attribute of the method.		n	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
418	GEN	O	TBL	BROAD BASED TESTER, LINE CF	Test (Top) cross between a known plant or clone and a broad based (many plant(s) or clone(s)) tester. For practical reasons the tester population or line is used as the male which can be stored pollen. If the tester line or population is female this should be flagged as an attribute of the method.		2	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
419	GEN	O	TBP	BROAD BASED TESTER, POP CF	Test (Top) between a known population and a broad based tester. For practical reasons the tester population or line is used as the male which can be stored pollen. If the tester line or population is female this should be flagged as an attribute of the method.		2	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
420	GEN	O	POC	POLYCROSS CF	Open pollination of a selected set of individuals in isolation and half-sib families kept separate.		n	0	222	0	1	0	19980610
421	GEN	O	PRM	RANDOM MATING CF	Open pollination of a selected set of individuals in isolation and all seed bulked.		n	0	222	0	1	0	19980610
422	GEN	O	PPO	OPEN POLLINATION CF	Open pollination of an unselected set of individuals in isolation and all seed bulked.		1	0	222	0	1	0	19980610
423	GEN	O	PCR	POPULATION CROSS CF	Cross between two populations.		2	1	222	0	1	0	19980610
424	GEN	O	PCC	CONVERGENT CROSS	Series of single crosses, each cross then combined into double crosses, each of these then crossed etc.		2	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
425	GEN	O	PDC	PARTIAL PLUS DIALLEL CROSS	The full mating requires more than one year and partial and diallel crosses are combined in different years.		2	1	0	0	1	0	19980610
426	GEN	O	RHS	RANDOM HALF SIB FAM	Random half sib families from a random mating population kept separate		n	1	0	0	1	0	19991119
427	GEN	O	SHS	SELECTED HALF SIB FAM	Half sib families from selected individuals in a random mating population kept separate		n	1	0	0	1	0	19991119
451	GEN	O	OMU	NATURAL MUTATION CF	A recognised naturally occurring mutation from a population of heterozygous plant(s) or clone(s).		1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
452	GEN	O	OMP	INDUCED MUTATION POPULATION CF	A population derived from inducing mutation in a population of heterozygous plant(s) or clone(s).		1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
453	GEN	O	OSC	SOMOCLONE CF	Variation induced through tissue culture of heterozygous plant(s) or clone(s).		1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
454	GEN	O	OLP	ALLO-POLYPLOID CF	Polyploid formed by doubling the chromosomes from two or more species. Wheat is an allo-polyploid as it contains genomes from three different species.		1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
455	GEN	O	OUP	AUTO-POLYPLOID CF	Polyploid formed by doubling the chromosome number of a species. Lucerne (alfalfa) is an auto-polyploid with 4 sets of the same genome.		1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
456	GEN	O	OHA	HAPLOID CF	Individual with chromosome content of reduced gamete. Often formed by female progenitors crossed with a haploid inducer.		1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
457	GEN	O	OTN	TRANSGENIC NUCLEUS CF	Individual derived from genetic transformation of the nucleus in a cross fertilising species. This is only done in an inbred line.		1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
458	GEN	O	OTC	TRANSGENIC CYTOPLASM CF	Individual derived from genetic transformation of a cytoplasm inclusion (eg chloroplast) in a cross fertilising species. This is only done in an inbred line.		1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
459	GEN	0	PPF	OPEN POLLINATION, HALF-SIB	Open-pollinated polycross seed to generate half-sib families where the female clone is know but the pollen donors are not known.		1	1	0	0	0	0	20100902

Derivative Methods for Out breeding Species

METHN	MTYPE	MGRP	MCODE	MNAME	MDESC	MREF	MPRGN	MFPRG	MATTR	GENEQ	MUID	LMID	MDATE
501	DER	O	MIP	INDUCED MUTATION POP	Selection in a population for a mutation.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
502	DER	O	DHP	DOUBLE HAPLOID POP	Population produced by doubling haploid individuals.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
503	DER	O	DRP	ROUGING CF	Eliminating off types from an open pollinated variety. Equivalent to a light mass selection.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
504	DER	O	DSO	SINGLE PLANT SELECTION CF	Selection of a single plant or clone, inflorescence, fruit or seed from a cross fertilising population. When this selection is done after selfing the population used the method (205) described for inbreeding species.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
505	DER	O	DSP	SINGLE SEED DESCENT CF	The production of a single individual without selection from selfing individuals in an cross fertilised species. This is the same procedure (208) used in self fertilising species.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
506	DER	O	PRS	RESTORER SELECTION	Restorer Lines selected at the end of a program to back cross a gene which restores male fertility to lines carrying a Male Sterile Cytoplasm (CMS).		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
507	DER	O	DRP	RANDOM BULK CF	Production of next generation by random mating.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
508	DER	O	FMS	FULL MASS SELECTION	Production of next generation by selecting before pollination, selecting on both male and female sides.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
509	DER	O	HMS	HALF MASS SELECTION	Production of next generation by selecting after pollination; selection on female side only.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
551	DER	O	BLP	LANDRACE POPULATION CF	Acquisition only. A Landrace Accession of a cross fertilised species. This population will consist of a heterogenous mixture of heterozygous genotypes. This should be reserved for the acquisition of this type of population to any program when they are first collected. When this and the following six populations are transferred from one collection (germplasm bank, working collection or plant improvement program) to another they should be entered under IMPORT method.s.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
553	DER	O	BLC	LANDRACE CULTIVAR CF	Acquisition only. A Landrace Cultivar Accession of a cross fertilised species. Accession of a long term cultivar, not bred or maintained by modern breeding methods. This would usually be less heterogenous than a traditional landrace.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
554	DER	O	BCP	COLLECTION POPULATION CF	Acquisition only. An accession of a population of a cultivated cross fertilising species not from farmers fields.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
556	DER	O	BWS	COLLECTION WILD SPP POPULATION CF	Acquisition only. An accession of a cross fertilising species.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
558	DER	O	BWL	COLLECTION WEEDY SPP POPULATION CF	Acquisition only An accession of a cross fertilising species which is a weed (because of the result of a hybrid between the cultivated and a wild species of the crop) .		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610

Maintenance Methods for Cross Fertilised Species

METHN	MTYPE	MGRP	MCODE	MNAME	MDESC	MREF	MPRGN	MFPRG	MATTR	GENEQ	MUID	LMID	MDATE
601	MAN	O	MPO	SEED INCREASE OPEN POLLINATION CF	Open pollination of an unselected set of individuals in isolation and all seed bulked. Here the aim is to maintain a population, not recombine a set of selected families.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
603	MAN	O	MFB	SEED INCREASE FULL DIALLEL CROSS BULKED	Each parent mated to all others, including all reciprocals but not selfs, usually not in isolation and all seed bulked. Here the aim is to maintain a population, not recombine a set of selected families.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
605	MAN	O	MHB	SEED INCREASE HALF DIALLEL CROSS BULKED	Each parent mated to all others, no selfs and reciprocals not recorded, usually not in isolation and all seed bulked. Here the aim is to maintain a population, not recombine a set of selected families.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
60	MAN	O	MPB	SEED INCREASE PARTIAL DIALLEL CROSS BULKED	Each parent mated to some but not all other parents in a pattern, no selfs, usually not in isolation and all seed bulked. Here the aim is to maintain a population, not recombine a set of selected families.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
410	MAN	O	MSC	SEED INCREASE SUBSET CROSS	Parents dived into sets and bulked pollen from each set used to pollenate other sets, usually not in isolation. Self fertilisation avoided, all seed bulked. Here the aim is to maintain a population, not recombine a set of selected families.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
621	MAN	O	WHY	HYBRID FORMATION CF	Forming a hybrid CV in a cross fertilising crop.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
622	MAN	O	WML	SYNTHETIC FORMATION CF	Forming a synthetic CV in a cross fertilising crop		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
623	MAN	O	WBS	BREEDERS SEED CF	Producing Breeder’s Seed. Pure seed produced by breeder (usually some kept by breeder) in a cross fertilising crop.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
624	MAN	O	WFS	FOUNDATION SEED CF	Producing Foundation Seed. Pure seed derived from Breeders Seed (usually kept by seed producing organisation) in a cross fertilising crop.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
625	MAN	O	WCS	CERTIFIED SEED	Producing Certified Seed. Pure seed produced under supervision by Government Protocols.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
626	MAN	O	WCR	CULTIVAR RELEASE	Release a cultivar		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610

Maintenance Methods for Clonally Reproduced Species

Since all clonally propagated species used in agriculture will be either self or cross fertilised no specific generative or derivative methods are proposed for them. Users will select an appropriate set from the above depending on whether the species is self or cross fertilised.

METHN	MTYPE	MGRP	MCODE	MNAME	MDESC	MREF	MPRGN	MFPRG	MATTR	GENEQ	MUID	LMID	MDATE
901	MAN	C	NCI	CLONE INCREASE TRADITIONAL	Propagate the clone via the normal vegetative material.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
902	MAN	C	NCT	CLONE INCREASE TISSUE CULTURE	Propagate the clone via tissue culture.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
903	MAN	C	NCR	CLONE INCREASE REGENERATION	Regenerate the clone from tissue culture.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
911	MAN	C	SCF	CLONE MAINTAINED FIELD	Clone maintained in a germplasm garden in the field in the traditional manner.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
912	MAN	C	SCT	CLONE MAINTAINED TISSUE CULTURE	Clone maintained as a tissue culture.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
921	MAN	C	VCF	CLONE FORMATION	Formation of a clone as a cultivar.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19980610
922	MAN	C	VCC	CERTIFIED CLONE	Certified clone produced under supervision by Government Protocols.		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19991119
923	MAN	C	VCR	CULTIVAR RELEASE CLONE	Release of a clone as a cultivar		-1	0	0	0	1	0	19991119
924	MAN	C		IMPORT CLONE TRAD	Import a clone as vegetative material		-1	0	0	0	1	0	20000207
925	MAN	C		IIMPORT CLONE TISSUE CUL	Import clone as tissue culture		-1	0	0	0	1	0	20000207